1. Thyroid and Mammary Department, Shandong Changle People’s Hospital, Weifang 262400, China
2. Gynecology Department, Pingshan District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518122, China
| Abstract: | Thyroid nodules, breast hyperplasia, and uterine fibroids are common endocrine and reproductive system diseases, and their incidence is increasing annually, severely affecting women's health and quality of life. Although numerous studies have explored their pathogenesis, many mysteries remain unsolved. According to traditional Chinese medicine, these three diseases are all emotional disorders related to stagnation of the liver qi. Western medicine also recognizes certain commonalities in the etiology of these three diseases, especially in the interactions among hormone levels, genetic factors, and environmental influences. These diseases not only are independent pathological states but also may exhibit interactions and potential common mechanisms in certain patients. Understanding the etiology of these diseases is crucial for their management and clinical intervention. Genetic factors, environmental factors, and changes in hormone levels are considered the main influencing factors of these diseases, but the specific mechanisms of action still require in-depth research. A deeper understanding of the causes and interrelationships of thyroid nodules, breast hyperplasia, and uterine fibroids not only aids in promoting the development of personalized medicine but also provides important directional guidance for future research. The integrated perspective of traditional Chinese and Western medicine allows us to gain a more comprehensive understanding of these three diseases, thereby optimizing clinical management strategies and ultimately enhancing the quality of life of patients. This study aims to comprehensively analyze and explore the etiology and interrelationships of thyroid nodules, breast hyperplasia, and uterine fibroids from a combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine perspective, reveal the multiple factors that affect the development of these diseases, and discuss future research directions and their potential impact on clinical practice. |
| Keywords: | Thyroid Nodules; Breast Hyperplasia; Uterine Fibroids; Etiology |
| DOI: | 10.57237/j.cmf.2024.03.002 |
| [1] | Mahmood NA, Tawfeeq AT, Al-Sudani IM, Abd-Alghni ZS. Rationales for the Use of Cancer Stem Cells Markers in the Staging of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Oncol. 2019: 1659654. Published 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1659654 |
| [2] | Mohan A, Kumar V, Brahmachari S, Pandya B. A Study on Clinico-Pathological Profile of Breast Cancer Patients and Their Correlation With Uterine Fibroids Using Hormone Level and Receptor Status Assessment. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 16: 11782234221090197. Published 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/11782234221090197 |
| [3] | Huang Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, et al. Uterine leiomyoma with fumarate hydratase deficiency: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021; 100(49): e28142. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028142 |
| [4] | Smith JR, Liu E, Church AJ, et al. Natural History of Thyroid Disease in Children with PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021; 106(3): e1121-e1130. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa944 |
| [5] | Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F. Iodine nutrition optimization: are there risks for thyroid autoimmunity? J Endocrinol Invest. 2021; 44(9): 1827-1835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01548-x |
| [6] | Milo T, Korem Kohanim Y, Toledano Y, Alon U. Autoimmune thyroid diseases as a cost of physiological autoimmune surveillance. Trends Immunol. 2023; 44(5): 365-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.03.007 |
| [7] | Legakis I, Chrousos GP, Chatzipanagiotou S. Thyroid Diseases and Intestinal Microbiome. Horm Metab Res. 2023; 55(12): 813-818. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2190-3847 |
| [8] | Abd Hamid MF, Abdul Razak S, Azraai AM, Miptah HN. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Presenting with Chronic Cough and Hemoptysis in Primary Care: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 24: e941089. Published 2023 Nov 10. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.941089 |
| [9] | Guan QX, Yang H, Liu YM, Li Y, Luo YT, Zou SJ. [Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine compounds combined with external therapy in treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2023; 48(11): 2856-2867. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230315.601 |
| [10] | Vegunta S, Mussallem DM, Kaur AS, Pruthi S, Klassen CL. Atypical hyperplasia of the breast: Clinical cases and management strategies. Cleve Clin J Med. 2023; 90(7): 423-431. Published 2023 Jul 3. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.90a.22098 |
| [11] | Van Etten EJ, Knoff AA, Colaizzi TA, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and white matter integrity in young and mid-age post-9/11 adult Veterans. Cereb Cortex. 2024; 34(8). https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhae340 |
| [12] | Young P. Psychological factors and surgical outcomes. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2023; 84(2): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2022.0522 |
| [13] | Navarro A, Bariani MV, Yang Q, Al-Hendy A. Understanding the Impact of Uterine Fibroids on Human Endometrium Function. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9: 633180. Published 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.633180 |
| [14] | Choi JH, Liu HJ, Heo SM, Kim SA. Hemoperitoneum Caused by Spontaneous Rupture of Uterine Leiomyoma in a Perimenopausal Woman. J Menopausal Med. 2021; 27(1): 42-45. https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.20037 |
| [15] | Singh S, Kumar P, Kavita, Rathore SS, Singh Y, Garg N. Contemporary approaches in the management of uterine leiomyomas. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 287: 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.06.021 |
| [16] | Maharjan S, Thapa M, Pokhrel M. Nulligravida with Large Uterine Leiomyoma: A Case Report. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2022; 60(250): 577-580. Published 2022 Jun 1. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7333 |
| [17] | Roșu GA, Ionescu CA, Călin FD, et al. Prognostic value of the location of submucosal uterine leiomyomas in infertility. Exp Ther Med. 2021; 22(6): 1482. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10917 |
| [18] | Baek EJ, Jung HU, Ha TW, et al. Genome-Wide Interaction Study of Late-Onset Asthma With Seven Environmental Factors Using a Structured Linear Mixed Model in Europeans. Front Genet. 13: 765502. Published 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.765502 |
| [19] | Zheng J, Shen S, Xu H, et al. Development and validation of a multivariable risk prediction model for identifying ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes. 2023; 15(9): 753-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13407 |
| [20] | Evans SC, Shaughnessy S, Karlovich AR. Future Directions in Youth Irritability Research. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2023; 52(5): 716-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2023.2209180 |
We invite active, qualified and high profile scientists and researchers to join as Editorial Board Members.
Join UsScholars with a strong interest in reviewing are invited to join the reviewer panel to ensure the quality of the research to be published.
Join Us