Reviewed the Research Strategy and Progress of SARS-CoV-2 Live Attenuated Vaccine Under the Global Omicron Epidemic Trend
1. School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. The Zhongyi Anke Biotech Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300400, China
| Abstract: | Since the continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2, it became new challenges to the global COVID-19 epidemic, including vaccine prevention and treatment. Because of the global pandemic Omicron strain, which had been dominant epidemic strain, the new innovative vaccine had been improved into an important field, by global scientists. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) had played a key role in the global action plan to eliminate polio, measles and other important infectious diseases. Additionally, LAV had advanced practical experience in the prevention and control of animal coronaviruses. So the LAV of SARS-CoV-2 should be seriously considered as a useful and important way. In this review, it analyzed its necessity from coronavirus serotype and epidemic R0 trend, and studied its feasibility from the application of animal coronavirus LAV. Herein, it focused on the four kinds of SARS-CoV-2 LAV that had completed their preclinical studies, COVI-VAC, d16, CPD and VAS5. Regarding their design principles, the growth characteristics of attenuated strains, their safety and immunogenicity in animal model and their cross-protection effects, these were all analyzed and discussed. So, the SARS-CoV-2 LAV had a solid theoretical and practical foundation, base on the modern vaccinology and genomics progress. |
| Keywords: | SARS-CoV-2; Omicron Strain; Live Attenuated Vaccines; Neutralizing Antibody; Cross Protection |
| DOI: | 10.57237/j.mrf.2024.01.001 |
View:
Downloads:
Received: 30 November 2023
Accepted: 27 December 2023
Published Online: 20 January 2024
References
| [1] | Hannah E Davis, Lisa McCorkell, Julia Moore Vogel, Eric J Topol. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations [J]. Nat Rev Microbio 2023; 21(3): 133-146. |
| [2] | Kawaoka Y, Uraki R, Kiso M, Iida S, Imai M, Takashita E, Kuroda M, Halfmann P, Loeber S, Maemura T, Yamayoshi S, Fujisaki S, Wang Z, Ito M, Ujie M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Furusawa Y, Wright R, Chong Z, Ozono S, Yasuhara A, Ueki H, Sakai Y, Li R, Liu Y, Larson D, Koga M, Tsutsumi T, Adachi E, Saito M, Yamamoto S, Matsubara S, Hagihara M, Mitamura K, Sato T, Hojo M, Hattori SI, Maeda K, Okuda M, Murakami J, Duong C, Godbole S, Douek D, Watanabe S, Ohmagari N, Yotsuyanagi H, Diamond M, Hasegawa H, Mitsuya H, Suzuki T. Characterization and antiviral susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron/BA.2 [J]. Nature, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04856-1 |
| [3] | Lijun Liang, Xiang Zhao, Aiping Deng, Kuibiao Li, Jiajun Liu, Fangzhu Ouyang, Qianfang Guo, Jing Xu, Shen Huang, Lirong Zou, Yang Song, Kai Nie, Baisheng Li. First Imported Case of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariant BA.2.12.1-Guangdong Province, China, April 30, 2022 [J]. China CDC Weekly. doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.094. |
| [4] | Edward C Holmes, Stephen A Goldstein, Angela L Rasmussen, David L Robertson, Alexander Crits-Christoph, Joel O Wertheim, Simon J Anthony, Wendy S Barclay, Maciej F Boni, Peter C Doherty, Jeremy Farrar, Jemma L Geoghegan, Xiaowei Jiang, Julian L Leibowitz, Stuart J D Neil, Tim Skern, Susan R Weiss, Michael Worobey, Kristian G Andersen, Robert F Garry, Andrew Rambaut. The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review [J]. Cell, 2021, 184(19): 4848-4856. |
| [5] | Iryna V Goraichuk, Vasiliy Arefiev, Borys T Stegniy, Anton P Gerilovych. Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 [J]. Virus Res, 2021,; 302: 198473. |
| [6] | Mahmoud Kandeel, Maged E M Mohamed, Hany M Abd El-Lateef, Katharigatta N Venugopala, Hossam S El-Beltagi. Omicron variant genome evolution and phylogenetics [J]. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(4): 1627-1632. |
| [7] | 王压娣, 丘立文, 廖志勇, 梅亚波, 车小燕. 人冠状病毒229E、OC43与SARS-CoV血清学相关性的研究 [J]. 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志, 2006, 26(8): 747-751. |
| [8] | Cithe as: https://www.science.org/content/article/new-versions-omicron-are-masters-immune-evasion |
| [9] | Rahul K Suryawanshi, Irene P Chen, Tongcui Ma, Abdullah M Syed, Noah Brazer, Prachi Saldhi, Camille R Simoneau, Alison Ciling, Mir M Khalid, Bharath Sreekumar, Pei-Yi Chen, G Renuka Kumar, Mauricio Montano, Miguel A Garcia-Knight, Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Venice Servellita, Amelia Gliwa, Jenny Nguyen, Ines Silva, Bilal Milbes, Noah Kojima, Victoria Hess, Maria Shacreaw, Lauren Lopez, Matthew Brobeck, Fred Turner, Frank W Soveg, Ashley F George, Xiaohui Fang, Mazharul Maishan, Michael Matthay, Warner C Greene, Raul Andino, Lee Spraggon, Nadia R Roan, Charles Y Chiu, Jennifer Doudna, Melanie Ott. Limited Cross-Variant Immunity after Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Without Vaccination [J]. medRxiv, 2022, 2022.01.13.22269243. |
| [10] | Thomas Lechmere, Luke B Snell, Carl Graham, Jeffrey Seow, Zayed A Shalim, Themoula Charalampous, Adela Alcolea-Medina, Rahul Batra, Gaia Nebbia, Jonathan D Edgeworth, Michael H Malim, Katie J Doores. Broad Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Including Omicron, following Breakthrough Infection with Delta in COVID-19-Vaccinated Individuals [J]. mBio, 2022, 13(2): e0379821. |
| [11] | Rahul K Suryawanshi, Irene P Chen, Tongcui Ma, Abdullah M Syed, Noah Brazer, Prachi Saldhi, Camille R Simoneau, Alison Ciling, Mir M Khalid, Bharath Sreekumar, Pei-Yi Chen, G Renuka Kumar, Mauricio Montano, Ronne Gascon, Chia-Lin Tsou, Miguel A Garcia-Knight, Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Venice Servellita, Amelia Gliwa, Jenny Nguyen, Ines Silva, Bilal Milbes, Noah Kojima, Victoria Hess, Maria Shacreaw, Lauren Lopez, Matthew Brobeck, Fred Turner, Frank W Soveg, Ashley F George, Xiaohui Fang, Mazharul Maishan, Michael Matthay, Mary Kate Morris, Debra Wadford, Carl Hanson, Warner C Greene, Raul Andino, Lee Spraggon, Nadia R Roan, Charles Y Chiu, Jennifer A Doudna, Melanie Ott. Limited cross-variant immunity from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron without vaccination [J]. Nature, 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04865-0. Online ahead of print. |
| [12] | Tobias V Lanz, R Camille Brewer, Shaghayegh Jahanbani, William H Robinson. Limited Neutralization of Omicron by Antibodies from the BNT162b2 Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 [J]. Res Sq, 2022, rs.3.rs-1518378. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518378/v1. Preprint. |
| [13] | Hangtian Guo, Yan Gao Tinghan Li, Tingting Li, Yuchi Lu, Le Zheng, Yue Liu, Tingting Yang, Feiyang Luo, Shuyi Song, Wei Wang, Xiuna Yang, Henry C Nguyen, Hongkai Zhang, Ailong Huang, Aishun Jin, Haitao Yang, Zihe Rao, Xiaoyun Ji. Structures of Omicron spike complexes and implications for neutralizing antibody development [J]. Cell Rep, 2022, 39(5): 110770. |
| [14] | Shi-Yan Ren, Wen-Biao Wang, Rong-Ding Gao, Ai-Mei Zhou. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutation, infectivity, transmission, and vaccine resistance [J]. World J Clin Cases, 2022, 10(1): 1-11. |
| [15] | Dominika Sikora, Piotr Rzymski. COVID-19 Vaccination and Rates of Infections, Hospitalizations, ICU Admissions, and Deaths in the European Economic Area during Autumn 2021 Wave of SARS-CoV-2 [J]. Vaccines (Basel), 2022, 10(3): 437. |
| [16] | Yusha Araf, Fariya Akter, Yan-Dong Tang, Rabeya Fatemi, Md Sorwer Alam Parvez, Chunfu Zheng, Md Golzar Hossain. Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Genomics, transmissibility, and responses to current COVID-19 vaccines [J]. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(5): 1825-1832. |
| [17] | Rui Dong, Taojun Hu, Yunjun Zhang, Yang Li, Xiao-Hua Zhou. Assessing the Transmissibility of the New SARS-CoV-2 Variants: From Delta to Omicron [J]. Vaccines (Basel), 2022, 10(4): 496. |
| [18] | Philip D Minor. Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges [J]. Virology, 2015, 479-480: 379-92. |
| [19] | Yashavantha L Vishweshwaraiah, Nikolay V Dokholyan. Toward rational vaccine engineering [J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2022, 183: 114142. |
| [20] | Uddab Poudel, Deepak Subedi, Saurav Pantha, Santosh Dhakal. Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach [J]. Open Vet J, 2020, 10(3): 239-251. |
| [21] | Nicola Decaro, Alessio Lorusso. Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses [J]. Vet Microbiol, 2020, 244: 108693. |
| [22] | Chao-Nan Lin, Kuan Rong Chan, Eng Eong Ooi, Ming-Tang Chiou, Minh Hoang, Po-Ren Hsueh, Peck Toung Ooi. Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans [J]. Viruses, 2021, 13(8): 1507. |
| [23] | Mohammad A Abdel-Sabour, Mohammed A Rohaim, Owais J A Salman, Samah E Abodalal, Faten F Mohammad, Mohammad S Madkour, Nabil A Abdel-Wanis, Muhammad Munir. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus [J]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2021, 77: 101670. |
| [24] | Zongxi Han, Xiaochen Xu, Huixin Li, Lili Zhang, Yutong Hou, Shengwang Liu. Replication and vaccine protection of multiple infectious bronchitis virus strains in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) [J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2021, 93: 104980. |
| [25] | 霍亚飞. QX型鸡传染性支气管炎弱毒苗的制备及其安全性与免疫效力初步评价 [D]. 山东农业大学, 2015. |
| [26] | Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska, Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól. Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art [J]. Virol Sin, 2021, 36(5): 833-851. |
| [27] | Volker Gerdts, Alexander Zakhartchouk. Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses [J]. Vet Microbiol, 2017, 206: 45-51. |
| [28] | Chun-Ming Lin, Xiang Gao, Tomoichiro Oka, Anastasia N Vlasova, Malak A Esseili, Qiuhong Wang, Linda J Saif. Antigenic relationships among porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus strains [J]. J Virol, 2015; 89(6): 3332-42. |
| [29] | Zhen Zhang, Qianyun Liu, Ying Sun, Jiali Li, Jiejie Liu, Ruangang Pan, Liu Cao, Xianying Chen, Yingjian Li, Yuzhen Zhang, Ke Xu, Deyin Guo, Li Zhou, Ke Lan, Yu Chen. Live attenuated coronavirus vaccines deficient in N7-Methyltransferase activity induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice [J]. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2021, 10(1): 1626-1637. |
| [30] | Ruangang Pan, Eveline Kindler, Liu Cao, Yu Zhou, Zhen Zhang, Qianyun Liu, Nadine Ebert, Roland Züst, Ying Sun, Alexander E Gorbalenya, Stanley Perlman, Volker Thiel, Yu Chen, Deyin Guo. N7-Methylation of the Coronavirus RNA Cap Is Required for Maximal Virulence by Preventing Innate Immune Recognition [J]. mBio, 2022, 13(1): e0366221. |
| [31] | Ursino Pacheco-García, Jeanet Serafín-López. Indirect Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Live-Attenuated Vaccine and Its Contribution to Herd Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11(3): 655. |
| [32] | Ying Wang, Chen Yang, Yutong Song, J Robert Coleman, Marcin Stawowczyk, Juliana Tafrova, Sybil Tasker, David Boltz, Robert Baker, Liliana Garcia, Olivia Seale, Anna Kushnir, Eckard Wimmer, Steffen Mueller. Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118(29): e2102775118. |
| [33] | Saeed Khoshnood, Maniya Arshadi, Sousan Akrami, Maryam Koupaei, Hossein Ghahramanpour, Aref Shariati, Nourkhoda Sadeghifard, Mohsen Heidary. An overview on inactivated and live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2022, 36(5): e24418. doi: 10.1002/jcla.24418. |
| [34] | Josephine Wambani, Patrick Okoth. Scope of SARS-CoV-2 variants, mutations, and vaccine technologies [J]. Egypt J Intern Med, 2022, 34(1): 34. |
| [35] | Sam H Shen, Charles B Stauft, Oleksandr Gorbatsevych, Yutong Song, Charles B Ward, Alisa Yurovsky, Steffen Mueller, Bruce Futcher, Eckard Wimmer. Large-scale recoding of an arbovirus genome to rebalance its insect versus mammalian preference [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015, 112(15): 4749-54. |
| [36] | Zi-Wei Ye, Chon Phin Ong, Kaiming Tang, Yilan Fan, Cuiting Luo, Runhong Zhou, Peng Luo, Yun Cheng, Victor Sebastien Gray, Pui Wang, Hin Chu, Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Kelvin Kai-Wang To, Honglin Chen, Zhiwei Chen, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Guang Sheng Ling Shuofeng Yuan, Dong-Yan Jin. Intranasal administration of a single dose of a candidate live attenuated vaccine derived from an NSP16-deficient SARS-CoV-2 strain confers sterilizing immunity in animals [J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2022, 19(5): 588-601. |
| [37] | Marta L DeDiego, Enrique Alvarez, Fernando Almazán, María Teresa Rejas, Elaine Lamirande, Anjeanette Roberts, Wun-Ju Shieh, Sherif R Zaki, Kanta Subbarao, Luis Enjuanes. A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo [J]. J Virol, 2007, 81(4): 1701-13. |
| [38] | Kam-Leung Siu, Kit-San Yuen, Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez, Zi-Wei Ye, Man-Lung Yeung, Sin-Yee Fung, Shuofeng Yuan, Chi-Ping Chan, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Luis Enjuanes, Dong-Yan Jin. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC [J]. FASEB J, 2019, 33(8): 8865-8877. |
| [39] | Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount Jr, Laurence Josset, Lisa E Gralinski, Trevor Scobey, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Michael G Katze, Ralph S Baric. Attenuation and restoration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus mutant lacking 2'-o-methyltransferase activity [J]. J Virol, 2014, 88(8): 4251-64. |
| [40] | Vineet D Menachery, Lisa E Gralinski, Hugh D Mitchell, Kenneth H Dinnon 3rd, Sarah R Leist, Boyd L Yount Jr, Eileen T McAnarney, Rachel L Graham, Katrina M Waters, Ralph S Baric. Combination Attenuation Offers Strategy for Live Attenuated Coronavirus Vaccines [J]. J Virol, 2018, 92(17): e00710-18. |
| [41] | Georgia Mandilara, Marianna A Koutsi, Marios Agelopoulos, Georgios Sourvinos, Apostolos Beloukas, Theodoros Rampias. The Role of Coronavirus RNA-Processing Enzymes in Innate Immune Evasion [J]. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(6): 571. |
| [42] | Lorenzo Subissi, Clara C Posthuma, Axelle Collet, Jessika C Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Alexander E Gorbalenya, Etienne Decroly, Eric J Snijder, Bruno Canard, Isabelle Imbert. One severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein complex integrates processive RNA polymerase and exonuclease activities [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2014, 111(37): E3900-9. |
| [43] | Anand Ramanathan, G Brett Robb, Siu-Hong Chan. mRNA capping: biological functions and applications [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2016, 44(16): 7511-26. |
| [44] | Natacha S Ogando, Jessika C Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Yvonne van der Meer, Peter J Bredenbeek, Clara C Posthuma, Eric J Snijder. The Enzymatic Activity of the nsp14 Exoribonuclease Is Critical for Replication of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 [J]. J Virol, 2020, 94(23): e01246-20. |
| [45] | Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Anna Jinxia Zhang, Shuofeng Yuan, Vincent Kwok-Man Poon, Chris Chung-Sing Chan, Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee, Wan-Mui Chan, Zhimeng Fan, Hoi-Wah Tsoi, Lei Wen, Ronghui Liang, Jianli Cao, Yanxia Chen, Kaiming Tang, Cuiting Luo, Jian-Piao Cai, Kin-Hang Kok, Hin Chu, Kwok-Hung Chan, Siddharth Sridhar, Zhiwei Chen, Honglin Chen, Kelvin Kai-Wang To, Kwok-Yung Yuen. Simulation of the Clinical and Pathological Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model: Implications for Disease Pathogenesis and Transmissibility [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(9): 2428-2446. |
| [46] | Zhiyuan Li, Dan Li, Andy Tsun, Bin Li. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and their functional regulation [J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2015, 12(5): 558-65. |
| [47] | Jakob Trimpert, Kristina Dietert, Theresa C Firsching, Nadine Ebert, Tran Thi Nhu Thao, Daria Vladimirova, Susanne Kaufer, Fabien Labroussaa, Azza Abdelgawad, Andelé Conradie, Thomas Höfler, Julia M Adler, Luca D Bertzbach, Joerg Jores, Achim D Gruber, Volker Thiel, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Dusan Kunec. Development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding [J]. Cell Rep, 2021, 36(5): 109493. |
| [48] | J Robert Coleman, Dimitris Papamichail, Steven Skiena, Bruce Futcher, Eckard Wimmer, Steffen Mueller. Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias [J]. Science, 2008, 320(5884): 1784-7. |
| [49] | Tran Thi Nhu Thao, Fabien Labroussaa, Nadine Ebert, Philip V'kovski, Hanspeter Stalder, Jasmine Portmann, Jenna Kelly, Silvio Steiner, Melle Holwerda, Annika Kratzel, Mitra Gultom, Kimberly Schmied, Laura Laloli, Linda Hüsser, Manon Wider, Stephanie Pfaender, Dagny Hirt, Valentina Cippà, Silvia Crespo-Pomar, Simon Schröder, Doreen Muth, Daniela Niemeyer, Victor M Corman, Marcel A Müller, Christian Drosten, Ronald Dijkman, Joerg Jores, Volker Thiel. Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform [J]. Nature, 2020, 582(7813): 561-565. |
| [50] | Nicole Groenke, Jakob Trimpert, Sophie Merz, Andelé M Conradie, Emanuel Wyler, Hongwei Zhang, Orsalia-Georgia Hazapis, Sebastian Rausch, Markus Landthaler, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Dusan Kunec. Mechanism of Virus Attenuation by Codon Pair Deoptimization [J]. Cell Rep, 2020, 31(4): 107586. |
| [51] | Xiao-Feng Li, Zhen Cui, Hang Fan, Qi Chen, Lei Cao, Hong-Ying Qiu, Na-Na Zhang, Yan-Peng Xu, Rong-Rong Zhang, Chao Zhou, Qing Ye, Yong-Qiang Deng, Yan Guo, Si Qin, Kaiyue Fan, Lei Wang, Zijing Jia, Yujun Cui, Xiangxi Wang, Cheng-Feng Qin. A highly immunogenic live-attenuated vaccine candidate prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in hamsters [J]. Innovation (Camb), 2022, 3(2): 100221. |
| [52] | Kathryn E Follis, Joanne York, Jack H Nunberg. Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell-cell fusion but does not affect virion entry [J]. Virology, 2006, 350(2): 358-69. |
| [53] | Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Stefan Pöhlmann. A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells [J]. Mol Cell, 2020, 78(4): 779-784.e5. |
| [54] | Christine Toelzer, Kapil Gupta, Sathish K N Yadav, Ufuk Borucu, Andrew D Davidson, Maia Kavanagh Williamson, Deborah K Shoemark, Frederic Garzoni, Oskar Staufer, Rachel Milligan, Julien Capin, Adrian J Mulholland, Joachim Spatz, Daniel Fitzgerald, Imre Berger, Christiane Schaffitzel. Free fatty acid binding pocket in the locked structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [J]. Science, 2020, 370(6517): 725-730. |
Join the Editorial Board
We invite active, qualified and high profile scientists and researchers to join as Editorial Board Members.
Join UsBecome a Reviewer
Scholars with a strong interest in reviewing are invited to join the reviewer panel to ensure the quality of the research to be published.
Join Us