6G环境下的IoT技术发展综述
1. 南京邮电大学, 通信与信息工程学院, 江苏南京 210003
2. 中科南京移动通信与计算创新研究院, 江苏南京 210008
3. 中国电科网络通信研究院, 河北石家庄 050002
| 摘 要： | 针对第六代移动通信（6G）推动物联网（IoT）迈入“通感算一体化”与“AI原生”新变革的背景，本文系统化、全景式地构建了6G环境下新兴物联网技术的演进路线与创新范式。文章的核心贡献在于打破了传统物联网“单纯连接”的局限，从“频谱革命、原生智能、多维融合”三大维度深刻重塑了未来物联网的体系架构，并首次系统性提炼出面向6G的空天地一体、分布式网络等六大核心特征。在工作层面，本文不仅深度剖析了无源物联网及人工智能物联网（AIoT）的架构革新与自适应闭环管理机制，更前瞻性地聚焦于卫星与非地面网络（NTN）物联网中“时变网络建模”及“时间确定性路由”等核心学术痛点，并拓展演进至面向星际开发的未来空间物联网（IoST）愿景。本文通过三位一体的路径规划，为海量、泛在、绿色的下一代物联网规模化部署提供了高价值的技术路线图与理论启示。 |
| 关 键 词： | 第六代移动通信; 卫星通信; 物联网; 非地面网络 |
| DOI： | 10.57237/j.cst.2026.03.002 |
View:
Downloads:
收稿日期: 2026-05-05
接受日期: 2026-06-10
在线出版日期: 2026-07-07
A Review of the Developments in IoT Technologies Under 6G
1. School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
2. Zhongke Nanjing Mobile Communication & Computing Innovation Institute, Nanjing 210008, China
3. Network Communication Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050002, China
| Abstract: | In response to the paradigm shift of the Internet of Things (IoT) towards sensing-communication-computing integration and AI-native design driven by 6G, this paper systematically establishes an evolution roadmap and innovation framework for emerging IoT technologies. The core contribution lies in breaking the limitation of "pure connectivity" in traditional IoT and reshaping the future network architecture from three dimensions: spectrum revolution, native intelligence, and multi-dimensional fusion. It uniquely distills six core technical characteristics for 6G-driven IoT, including space-air-ground integration and distributed networking. Methodologically, the work deeply analyzes the architectural innovation and closed-loop management of Passive IoT (P-IoT) and AIoT, prioritizes technical pain points such as "time-varying network representation" and "time-deterministic routing" in satellite and Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) IoT, and forward-lookingly expands to the Internet of Space Things (IoST) for interplanetary exploration. By charting a coherent technical pathway, this review provides a high-value theoretical foundation and deployment blueprint for massive, ubiquitous, and green next-generation IoT systems. |
| Keywords: | 6G Mobile Communication; Satellite Communications; Internet of Things; Non-Terrestrial Network IoT |
基金
| 1. | 国家自然科学基金 (92367302) |
| 2. | 江苏省基础研究计划 (自然科学基金) |
| 3. | 前沿引领技术基础研究专项 (BK20212001) |
| 4. | 江苏省前沿技术研发计划 (BF2025059) |
| 5. | 南京市重大科技专项 (202405025) |
参考文献
| [1] | W. Jiang, B. Han, M. A. Habibi and H. D. Schotten, "The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey," IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 2, pp. 334-366, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3057679 |
| [2] | RL-SCAP SigFox: A Reinforcement Learning Based Scalable Communication Protocol for Low-Power Wide-Area IoT Networks, Technologies, June 2025, 13(6): 255, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392787278_RL-SCAP_SigFox_A_Reinforcement_Learning_Based_Scalable_Communication_Protocol_for_Low-Power_Wide-Area_IoT_Networks |
| [3] | Nguyen D C, et al. Enabling AI in future wireless networks: A data life cycle perspective [J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2021, 23(1): 553-595. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2020.3024783 |
| [4] | ITU-T. Recommendation ITU-T Y. 2060: Overview of the Internet of Things [EB/OL]. 2012-06 [2025-11-12]. https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-Y.2060-201206-I!!PDF-E&type=items |
| [5] | ITU-R. Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0: Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond [EB/OL]. 2023-11 [2025-11-12]. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2160-0-202311-I!!PDF-E.pdf |
| [6] | Viswanathan H, Mogensen P E. Communications in the 6G era [J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 57063-57074=-11 https://doi.org/10.1109/ ACCESS.2020.2981745 |
| [7] | Ntontin K, Lagunas E, et al. A vision, survey, and roadmap toward space communications in the 6G and beyond era [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 987-1023, Sept. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2024.3512934. |
| [8] | González-Prelcic N, Keskin M F, Kaltiokallio O, et al. The integrated sensing and communication revolution for 6G: Vision, techniques, and applications [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 112, no. 7, pp. 676-723, July 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2024. 3397609 |
| [9] | Kaushik A, Singh R, Li M, et al. Integrated sensing and communications for IoT: Synergies with key 6G technology enablers [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 2024, 5(7), pp. 136-143, https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTM.001.2400052 |
| [10] | Cui Q, You X, Wei N, et al. Overview of AI and communication for 6G network: Fundamentals, challenges, and future research opportunities [J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4337-1 |
| [11] | Hakiri A, Gokhale A, Yahia S B M N. A comprehensive survey on digital twin for future networks and emerging Internet of Things industry [J]. Computer Networks, 2024, 244(May): 110350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110350 |
| [12] | Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu X, et al. Integrated sensing and communication for 6G holographic digital twins [J]. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.2400178 |
| [13] | Duran K, Cakir L V, Ozdem M, et al. Generative AI-enabled digital twins for 6G-enhanced smart cities [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2024, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1109/GCWkshp 64532.2024.11101058 |
| [14] | Chen S, et al. A survey on terahertz communications [J]. China Communications. 2019, 16(2): 1-35 |
| [15] | Rappaport T S, Xing Y, MacCartney G R, et al. Overview of millimeter wave communications for fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks—with a focus on propagation models [J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2017, 65(12): 6213-6230, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2734243 |
| [16] | Jiang W, Zhou Q, He J, et al. Terahertz communications and sensing for 6G and beyond: A comprehensive review [J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2024, 26(4): 2326-2381, https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2024.3385908 |
| [17] | Wu Q, Zhang R, Hong M. Intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless communications: A tutorial [J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 3313-3351, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3051897 |
| [18] | Putranto P, Hamza A A, Mabrouki S, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6G and beyond: A comprehensive survey from theory to deployment [EB/OL]. arXiv preprint, arXiv: 2506.19526, 2025, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.19526 |
| [19] | Strinati E C, et al. 6G: The Next Frontier: Holographic Messaging to Artificial Intelligence Using Subterahertz and Visible Light Communication [J]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 2019, (99): 1-1, https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2019.2921162 |
| [20] | Wang F, Zhang S, Yang H, et al. Non-terrestrial networking for 6G: Evolution, opportunities, and future directions [J]. Engineering, Vol. 54, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.05.013 |
| [21] | Rashid H U, Jeong S H. AI empowered 6G technologies and network layers: Recent trends, opportunities, and challenges [J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2025, 267: 125985. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125985 |
| [22] | Chen J, Zhang H, Xie Z. Space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN): A survey [EB/OL]. arXiv preprint, arXiv: 2307.14697, 2023, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.14697 |
| [23] | Jiang W, Han B, Habibi M A, Schotten H D. The road towards 6G: A comprehensive survey [J]. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2021, 2: 334-366, https://doi.org/10.1109/ OJCOMS.2021.3057679 |
| [24] | Dang S, Amin O, Shihada B, Alouini M S. What should 6G be? [J]. Nature Electronics, 2020, 3: 20–29, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6 |
| [25] | Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Ma Z, et al. 6G wireless networks: Vision, requirements, architecture, and key technologies [J]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 2019, 14(3): 28-41. |
| [26] | Wu W, Wang X, Hawbani A, et al. A survey on ambient backscatter communications: Principles, systems, applications, and challenges [J]. Computer Networks, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109235 |
| [27] | Zheng K, Xu R, Mei J, et al. Ambient IoT towards 6G: Standardization, potentials, and challenges [J]. IEEE Access, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3474298 |
| [28] | Butt M M, et al. Ambient IoT: A missing link in 3GPP IoT devices landscape [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 2024, 7(2): 85-92, https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTM.001.2300198 |
| [29] | Zhu F, et al. Enabling OFDMA in Wi-Fi backscatter [J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2024, 32(1): 427-444, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2023.3290370 |
| [30] | ETSI. 5G; NR; Physical layer procedures for data (3GPP TS 38.291 version 19.1.0 Release 19) [EB/OL]. Jan. 2024 [2025-11-12]. https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/138200_138299/138291/19.01.00_60/ts_138291v190100p.pdf |
| [31] | J. M. Parra-Ullauri et al., "Federated Analytics for 6G Networks: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities [J]," IEEE Network, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 9-17, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2024.3355218 |
| [32] | Psomas C, Ntougias K, Shanin N, et al. Wireless information and energy transfer in the era of 6G communications [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2024, 112(7): 41, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2024.3395178 |
| [33] | Bi S, et al. Wireless powered communication: Opportunities and challenges [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 117-125, April 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2015. 7081084 |
| [34] | Vladkov E E. Powering an IoT-driven world: A survey of energy harvesting methods for the ZED concept [J]. Electrotechnica & Electronica (E E), 2024, 59(2), pp. 38-45. https://epluse.ceec.bg/powering-an-iot-driven-world-a-survey-of-energy-harvesting-methods-for-the-zed-concept/#example |
| [35] | Khan W U, Sheemar C K, Lagunas E, et al. Beyond diagonal RIS: A new frontier for 6G Internet of Things networks [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1109/MIOT. 2026.3674494 |
| [36] | Gao Z, et al. Compressive-sensing-based grant-free massive access for 6G massive communication [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2024, 11(5): 7411-7435, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3334878 |
| [37] | Singh R, Yerrapragada A K, Ganti R K. Physical layer design for ambient IoT [J]. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.2025.3573424 |
| [38] | Nguyen D C, et al. 6G Internet of Things: A comprehensive survey [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(1): 359-383, =-24, 1 Jan. 1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3103320 |
| [39] | Wu J, Liu J, Liu Y, et al. A survey on cloud-edge-terminal collaborative intelligence in AIoT networks [EB/OL]. arXiv preprint, 2025, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.18803 |
| [40] | ITU-T. Technical Paper YSTP. AIoT: Challenges of and guidelines to standardization on artificial intelligence of things [EB/OL]. 2023-09 [2025-11-12]. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/tut/T-TUT-TRUST-2023-2-PDF-E.pdf |
| [41] | 中国移动物联网. 物联洞察 | 双网融合管理引擎: 天地一体物联网平台驱动场景化连接升级 [EB/OL]. 2025-07-07 [2025-11-12]. |
| [42] | Qu Z, Cao H, Cheng Y, Wu S, Zhang G. A LoRaWAN-based network architecture for LEO satellite Internet of Things [C]. IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW), Yilan, Taiwan, 2019: 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1109 ICCE -TW46550.2019.8991826 |
| [43] | Pokhrel S R, Choi J. Data-driven satellite communication and control for future IoT: Principles and opportunities [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 3307-3318, June 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2024. 3360953 |
| [44] | Lin X, Rommer S, Euler S, et al. 5G from space: An overview of 3GPP non-terrestrial networks [EB/OL]. 2021, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2103.09156 |
| [45] | A. F. M. S. Shah, M. A. Karabulut and K. Rabie, "Multiple Access Schemes for 6G Enabled NTN-Assisted IoT Technologies: Recent Developments, Prospects and Challenges [J]", IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48-54, January 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTM.001.2300234 |
| [46] | Li J, et al. Index modulation multiple access for 6G communications: Principles, applications, and challenges [J]. IEEE Network, 2023, 37(1): 52-60, January / February 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.002.2200433 |
| [47] | Mao Y, Dizdar O, Clerckx B, et al. Rate-splitting multiple access: Fundamentals, survey, and future research trends [J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2022, 24(4): 2073-2126, https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2022.3191937 |
| [48] | Hu Y, Guo B, Yang C, et al. Time-deterministic networking for satellite-based Internet of Things services: Architecture, key technologies, and future directions [J]. IEEE Network, 2024, 38(4): 111-118, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2024.3380073 |
| [49] | Wei J, Cao S. Application of edge intelligent computing in satellite Internet of Things [C]. IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT), Tianjin, China, 2019: 85-91, https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartIoT.2019.00022 |
| [50] | Priyadarshini I, Bhola B, Kumar R, So-In C. A novel cloud architecture for Internet of Space Things (IoST) [J]. IEEE Access, 2022, 10: 15118-15134, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3144137 |
| [51] | Wazid M, Das A K, Shetty S. An authentication and key management framework for secure and intelligent transportation of Internet of Space Things [J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25(6): 5242-5257, https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3338274 |
